Doxycycline Monohydrate 100 MG Oral Capsule
Generic Name: DOXYCYCLINE
Brand Name: DOXYCYCLINE
- Substance Name(s):
- DOXYCYCLINE
WARNINGS
THE USE OF DRUGS OF THE TETRACYCLINE CLASS DURING TOOTH DEVELOPMENT (LAST HALF OF PREGNANCY, INFANCY, AND CHILDHOOD TO THE AGE OF 8 YEARS) MAY CAUSE PERMANENT DISCOLORATION OF THE TEETH (YELLOW-GRAY-BROWN).
This adverse reaction is more common during long-term use of the drugs but has been observed following repeated short-term courses.
Enamel hypoplasia has also been reported.
TETRACYCLINE DRUGS, THEREFORE, SHOULD NOT BE USED IN THIS AGE GROUP, EXCEPT FOR ANTHRAX, INCLUDING INHALATIONAL ANTHRAX (POST-EXPOSURE), UNLESS OTHER DRUGS ARE NOT LIKELY TO BE EFFECTIVE OR ARE CONTRAINDICATED.
Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including doxycycline, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis.
Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C.
difficile.
C.
difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD.
Hypertoxin producing strains of C.
difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy.
CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibiotic use.
Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents.
If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibiotic use not directed against C.
difficile may need to be discontinued.
Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibiotic treatment of C.
difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.
All tetracyclines form a stable calcium complex in any bone-forming tissue.
A decrease in the fibula growth rate has been observed in prematures given oral tetracycline in doses of 25 mg/kg every six hours.
This reaction was shown to be reversible when the drug was discontinued.
Results of animal studies indicate that tetracyclines cross the placenta, are found in fetal tissues, and can have toxic effects on the developing fetus (often related to retardation of skeletal development).
Evidence of embryo toxicity has been noted in animals treated early in pregnancy.
If any tetracycline is used during pregnancy or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking these drugs, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus.
The antianabolic action of the tetracyclines may cause an increase in BUN.
Studies to date indicate that this does not occur with the use of doxycycline in patients with impaired renal function.
Photosensitivity manifested by an exaggerated sunburn reaction has been observed in some individuals taking tetracyclines.
Patients apt to be exposed to direct sunlight or ultraviolet light should be advised that this reaction can occur with tetracycline drugs, and treatment should be discontinued at the first evidence of skin erythema.
OVERDOSAGE
In case of overdosage, discontinue medication, treat symptomatically and institute supportive measures.
Dialysis does not alter serum half-life, and it would not be of benefit in treating cases of overdosage.
DESCRIPTION
Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum antibacterial synthetically derived from oxytetracycline.
Doxycycline Capsules USP, 100 mg, 75 mg, and 50 mg capsules contain doxycycline monohydrate equivalent to 100 mg, 75 mg, or 50 mg of doxycycline for oral administration.
The chemical designation of the light-yellow crystalline powder is alpha-6-deoxy-5-oxytetracycline.
Structural formula: Doxycycline has a high degree of lipid solubility and a low affinity for calcium binding.
It is highly stable in normal human serum.
Doxycycline will not degrade into an epianhydro form.
Inert ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose and sodium starch glycolate.
Hard gelatin capsule contains black iron oxide, gelatin, red iron oxide, titanium dioxide and yellow iron oxide.
The capsules are printed with edible ink containing black iron oxide, potassium hydroxide, propylene glycol, shellac and titanium dioxide.
Doxycycline Monohydrate
HOW SUPPLIED
Doxycycline capsules USP, 100 mg are brown opaque cap and yellow opaque body imprinted with “LU” on cap in white ink and “M73” on the body in black ink filled with light yellow to grey colored blend.
Each capsule contains doxycycline monohydrate USP equivalent to 100 mg doxycycline.
Doxycycline capsules USP, 100 mg is available in: Bottle of 10 capsules NDC 63187-672-10 Bottle of 14 capsules NDC 63187-672-14 Bottle of 20 capsules NDC 63187-672-20 Bottle of 30 capsules NDC 63187-672-30 Bottle of 40 capsules NDC 63187-672-40 Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15 to 30°C (59 to 86°F) [see USP controlled room temperature].
Protect from light.
Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container as defined in the USP/NF.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain effectiveness of doxycycline and other antibacterial drugs, doxycycline should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria.
When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy.
In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
Doxycycline is indicated for the treatment of the following infections: Rocky mountain spotted fever, typhus fever and the typhus group, Q fever, rickettsialpox, and tick fevers caused by Rickettsiae.
Respiratory tract infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
Lymphogranuloma venereum caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.
Psittacosis (ornithosis) caused by Chlamydophila psittaci.
Trachoma caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, although the infectious agent is not always eliminated as judged by immunofluorescence.
Inclusion conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.
Uncomplicated urethral, endocervical or rectal infections in adults caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.
Nongonococcal urethritis caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum.
Relapsing fever due to Borrelia recurrentis.
Doxycycline is also indicated for the treatment of infections caused by the following gram-negative microorganisms: Chancroid caused by Haemophilus ducreyi.
Plague due to Yersinia pestis.
Tularemia due to Francisella tularensis.
Cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae.
Campylobacter fetus infections caused by Campylobacter fetus.
Brucellosis due to Brucella species (in conjunction with streptomycin).
Bartonellosis due to Bartonella bacilliformis.
Granuloma inguinale caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis.
Because many strains of the following groups of microorganisms have been shown to be resistant to doxycycline, culture and susceptibility testing are recommended.
Doxycycline is indicated for treatment of infections caused by the following gram-negative microorganisms, when bacteriologic testing indicates appropriate susceptibility to the drug: Escherichia coli Enterobacter aerogenes Shigella species Acinetobacter species Respiratory tract infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae.
Respiratory tract and urinary tract infections caused by Klebsiella species.
Doxycycline is indicated for treatment of infections caused by the following gram-positive microorganisms when bacteriologic testing indicates appropriate susceptibility to the drug: Upper respiratory infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Anthrax due to Bacillus anthracis, including inhalational anthrax (post-exposure): to reduce the incidence or progression of disease following exposure to aerosolized Bacillus anthracis.
When penicillin is contraindicated, doxycycline is an alternative drug in the treatment of the following infections: Uncomplicated gonorrhea caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum.
Yaws caused by Treponema pertenue.
Listeriosis due to Listeria monocytogenes.
Vincent’s infection caused by Fusobacterium fusiforme.
Actinomycosis caused by Actinomyces israelii.
Infections caused by Clostridium species.
In acute intestinal amebiasis, doxycycline may be a useful adjunct to amebicides.
In severe acne, doxycycline may be useful adjunctive therapy.
PEDIATRIC USE
Pediatric Use: See WARNINGS and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION sections.
PREGNANCY
Pregnancy Teratogenic Effects.
Pregnancy Category D There are no adequate and well-controlled studies on the use of doxycycline in pregnant short-term, first trimester exposure.
There are no human data available to assess the effects of long-term therapy of doxycycline in pregnant women such as that proposed for treatment of anthrax exposure.
An expert review of published data on experiences with doxycycline use during pregnancy by TERIS -the Teratogen Information System -concluded that therapeutic doses during pregnancy are unlikely to pose a substantial teratogenic risk (the quantity and quality of data were assessed as limited to fair), but the data are insufficient to state that there is no risk.8 A case-control study (18,515 mothers of infants with congenital anomalies and 32,804 mothers of infants with no congenital anomalies) shows a weak but marginally statistically significant association with total malformations and use of doxycycline anytime during pregnancy.
(Sixty-three [0.19%] of the controls and 56 [0.30%] of the cases were treated with doxycycline.) This association was not seen when the analysis was confined to maternal treatment during the period of organogenesis (i.e., in the second and third months of gestation) with the exception of a marginal relationship with neural tube defect based on only two exposed cases.9 A small prospective study of 81 pregnancies describes 43 pregnant women treated for 10 days with doxycycline during early first trimester.
All mothers reported their exposed infants were normal at 1 year of age.10
NUSRING MOTHERS
Nursing Mothers Tetracyclines are excreted in human milk, however, the extent of absorption of tetracyclines, including doxycycline, by the breastfed infant is not known.
Short-term use by lactating women is not necessarily contraindicated; however, the effects of prolonged exposure to doxycycline in breast milk are unknown.11 Because of the potential for adverse reactions in nursing infants from doxycycline, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
(See WARNINGS .)
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
THE USUAL DOSAGE AND FREQUENCY OF ADMINISTRATION OF DOXYCYCLINE DIFFERS FROM THAT OF THE OTHER TETRACYCLINES.
EXCEEDING THE RECOMMENDED DOSAGE MAY RESULT IN AN INCREASED INCIDENCE OF SIDE EFFECTS.
Adults The usual dose of oral doxycycline is 200 mg on the first day of treatment (administered 100 mg every 12 hours or 50 mg every 6 hours) followed by a maintenance dose of 100 mg/day.
The maintenance dose may be administered as a single dose or as 50 mg every 12 hours.
In the management of more severe infections (particularly chronic infections of the urinary tract), 100 mg every 12 hours is recommended.
For Pediatric Patients above Eight Years of Age The recommended dosage schedule for pediatric patients weighing 100 pounds or less is 2 mg/lb of body weight divided into two doses on the first day of treatment, followed by 1 mg/lb of body weight given as a single daily dose or divided into two doses, on subsequent days.
For more severe infections up to 2 mg/lb of body weight may be used.
For pediatric patients over 100 pounds the usual adult dose should be used.
Uncomplicated Gonococcal Infections in Adults (Except Anorectal Infections in Men) 100 mg, by mouth, twice a day for 7 days.
As an alternate single visit dose, administer 300 mg stat followed in one hour by a second 300 mg dose.
Acute Epididymo-orchitis Caused by N.
gonorrhoeae 100 mg, by mouth, twice a day for at least 10 days.
Primary and Secondary Syphilis 300 mg a day in divided doses for at least 10 days.
Uncomplicated Urethral, Endocervical, or Rectal Infection in Adults Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis 100 mg, by mouth, twice a day for at least 7 days.
Nongonococcal Urethritis Caused by C.
trachomatis and U.
urealyticum 100 mg, by mouth, twice a day for at least 7 days.
Acute Epididymo-orchitis Caused by C.
trachomatis 100 mg, by mouth, twice a day for at least 10 days.
Inhalational Anthrax (Post-Exposure) ADULTS: 100 mg of doxycycline, by mouth, twice a day for 60 days.
CHILDREN: weighing less than 100 pounds (45 kg); 1 mg/lb (2.2 mg/kg) of body weight, by mouth, twice a day for 60 days.
Children weighing 100 pounds or more should receive the adult dose.
When used in streptococcal infections, therapy should be continued for 10 days.
Administration of adequate amounts of fluid along with capsule and tablet forms of drugs in the tetracycline class is recommended to wash down the drugs and reduce the risk of esophageal irritation and ulceration.
(See ADVERSE REACTIONS .) If gastric irritation occurs, doxycycline may be given with food.
Ingestion of a high fat meal has been shown to delay the time to peak plasma concentrations by an average of one hour and 20 minutes.
However, in the same study, food enhanced the average peak concentration by 7.5% and the area under the curve by 5.7%.